vi

Contents

2

Integrated Approaches for the Production of Biodegradable

Plastics and Bioenergy from Waste

19

Chandan Kumar Sahu, Mukta Hugar, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari

2.1

Introduction

19

2.2

Food Waste for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and Biogas

19

2.2.1

Biodegradable Plastics from Food Waste

20

2.2.2

Food Waste and Bioenergy

21

2.2.2.1

Ethanol from Food Waste

21

2.2.2.2

Food Waste to Biohydrogen

21

2.2.2.3

Production of Biogas from Food Waste

21

2.3

Dairy and Milk Waste for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and

Biogas

22

2.3.1

Biodegradable Plastics and Dairy Waste

22

2.3.2

PHB Production in Fermenter

22

2.3.3

Bioenergy from Dairy and Milk Waste

22

2.4

Sugar and Starch Waste for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and

Biogas

23

2.4.1

Sugar Waste

23

2.4.1.1

Sugar Waste and PHA

23

2.4.1.2

Bioenergy from Sugar Waste

24

2.4.2

Starch Waste

24

2.4.2.1

Biodegradable Plastics and Starch Waste

25

2.4.2.2

Bioenergy from Starch Waste

25

2.5

Wastewater for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and

Bioenergy

25

2.5.1

Biodegradable Plastics from Wastewater

26

2.5.1.1

Production of PHA from Wastewater

26

2.5.1.2

Production of PHB

26

2.5.2

Production of Bioenergy

26

2.6

Integrated Approaches for the Production of Biodegradable Plastics and

Bioenergy from Waste

27

2.7

Conclusions

28

References

28

3

Immobilized Enzymes for Bioconversion of Waste to

Wealth

33

Angitha Balan, Vaisiri V. Murthy, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari

3.1

Introduction

33

3.2

Enzymes as Biocatalysts

34

3.3

Immobilization of Enzymes

35

3.3.1

Enzyme Immobilization Methods

35

3.3.1.1

Adsorption

35

3.3.1.2

Covalent Bonding

36

3.3.1.3

Affinity Immobilization

36

3.3.1.4

Entrapment

36